English Vocabulary and Etymology(week10)

English Vocabulary and Etymology(Week10)

Prefix, root, suffix

-sophy: knowledge

philosophy:a set od ideas about how to do something or how to live
example:Eat, drink, and be merry -- that's her philosophy.


anthroposophy:a 20th century religious system growing out of theosophy and centering on 
                         human development
example:All we have been able to do is to unfold a few aspects of education in the light of 
               anthroposophy.


phila-:love

philanthropy: the practice of giving money and time to help make life better for other
                      people
example:The family's philanthropy made it possible to build the public library.


philander:with love for people
example:He spent his time philandering with the girls in the villages.

philately: the collection of postage stamps
example: She has the hobby of philately.


arch-:order, principal; early, primitive

anarchy:without order
example: The country was thrown into a state of anarchy.

architect: a person who designs buildings
example: Tom is the architect of this building.


ambi-/amphi-:both

ambidextrously:able to use both hands equally well
example:She can write ambidextrously.

ambivalence:uncertainly as to which approach to follow
example:Their ambivalence gave us a chance to play for time and recoup.

ambivert:a person having characteristics of both extrovert and introvert
example:I am neither an extrovert, nor an introvert, I am an ambivert.






New Word


．lexicography: the editing of making of a dictionary
   example: Teaching lexicography is an important branch of lexicography.


．inflationary(def: causing, experiencing, or affected by rising prices)
    vs. deflationary(def: a decrease in the amount of available money or credit in an economy 
                                    that causes prices to go down)


．capital punishment: the death sentence
    example: I thought you didn't believe in capital punishment.
  

．altitude: the height of something (such as an airplane) above the level of the sea
    example:The plane lost altitude rapidly.


．aptitude:the natural ability to do something or to learn something
    example:The new test is supposed to measure the aptitudes of the students.


．invulnerable: impossible to harm
    example: The team seems invulnerable in this game.


．debris:the pieces that are left after something has been destroyed
    example:Everything was covered by dust and debris.


．conflagration:a large destructive fire
    example:The treaty is the latest attempt to resolve the ten-year conflagration.


．detriment:damage
    example:He works long hours to the detriment of his health.


．virile:manly
    example:She is both virile and feminine.


．prevalent:common
    example:Those teaching methods are still prevalent at some schools.


．aversion:a strong feeling of not liking something
    example:They regarded war with aversion


．jettison:discard
    example:The first-stage vehicle is used to launch the rocket and is then jettisoned in the 
                   upper atmosphere.


．terse:brief
    example:Her reply about the matter was terse.

．cogent:persuasive
    example:She put forward some cogent reasons for abandoning the plan.


．vitriolic:biting, burning
    example:The newspaper launched a vitriolic attack on the president.


．invective:insulting, abusive words
    example:He retorted the invective on her.


．adamant:inflexible, unyielding 
    example:She was quite adamant that she would not come.







Extra Information


Lord's Prayer

The Lord's Prayer, also called the Our Father, Pater Noster, and the Model Prayer is a venerated Christian prayer originally recorded in Koine Greek that, according to the New Testament, was taught by Jesus to his disciples. Two forms of it are recorded in the New Testament: a longer form in the Gospel of Matthew as part of the Sermon on the Mount, and a shorter form in the Gospel of Luke as a response by Jesus to a request by "one of his disciples" to teach them "to pray as John taught his disciples."

Seven Deadly Sins

The seven deadly sins, also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins, is a grouping and classification of vices of Christian origin. Behaviors or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities. According to the standard list, they are pride, greed, lust, envy, gluttony, wrath, and sloth, which are also contrary to the seven virtues. These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one's natural faculties or passions (for example, gluttony abuses one's desire to eat).

Sloth

Sloths are mammals classified in the families Megalonychidae (two-toed sloths) and Bradypodidae (three-toed sloths), including six extant species. They are named after the capital sin of sloth because they seem slow and lazy at first glance; however, their usual idleness is due to metabolic adaptations for conserving energy. Aside from their surprising speed during emergency flights from predators, other notable traits of sloths include their strong body and their ability to host symbiotic algae on their furs.

Stan

Satan is a figure appearing in the texts of the Abrahamic religions who brings eviland temptation, and is known as the deceiver who leads humanity astray. Some religious groups teach that he originated as an angel, or something of the like, who used to possess great piety and beauty, but fell because of hubris, seducing humanity into the ways of falsehood and sin, and has power in the fallen world. In the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament, Satan is primarily an accuser and adversary, a decidedly malevolent entity, also called the devil, who possesses abhorrent qualities.

Seven Virtues

In the Catholic catechism, the seven Christian virtues or heavenly virtues refers to the union of two sets of virtues: from ancient Greek philosophy, are prudence, justice, temperance (meaning restriction or restraint), and courage (or fortitude); and the three theological virtues, from the letters of Saint Paul of Tarsus, are faith, hope, and charity (or love). These were adopted by the Church Fathers as the seven virtues.

Virtue	Latin	Gloss	(Sin)	(Latin)	Virtue's Meaning
Temperance	Temperantia	Humanity, justice, honour, abstinence	Gluttony	Gula	Restraint, temperance, justice. Constant mindfulness of others and one's surroundings; practicing self-control, abstinence, moderation and deferred gratification. Prudence to judge between actions with regard to appropriate actions at a given time; proper moderation between self-interest, versus public-interest, and against the rights and needs of others.
Patience	Patientia	Forgiveness, mercy, sufferance	Wrath	Ira	Forbearance that comes from moderation; enduring the seemingly unbearable with patience and dignity. Building a sense of peaceful stability and harmony rather than conflict, hostility, and antagonism; resolving issues and arguments respectfully, as opposed to resorting to anger and fighting. Showing forgiveness and being merciful to criminals and sinners.
Kindness	Benevolentia	Satisfaction, loyalty, compassion, integrity	Envy	Invidia	Charity, compassion and friendship for its own sake; empathy and trustwithout prejudice or resentment. Unselfish love and voluntary kindness without bias or spite. Having positive outlooks and cheerful demeanor; to inspire kindness in others.
Humility	Humilitas	Bravery, modesty, reverence, altruism	Pride	Superbia	Humility is not thinking less of yourself, it is thinking of yourself less. It is a spirit of self-examination; a hermeneutic of suspicion toward yourself and charity toward people you disagree with. Modest behavior, selflessness, and the giving of respect. The courage of the heart necessary to undertake tasks which are difficult, tedious or unglamorous, and to graciously accept the sacrifices involved. Reverence for those who have wisdom and those who selflessly teach in love. Giving credit where credit is due; not unfairly glorifying one's own self. Being faithful to promises, no matter how big or small they may be. Refraining from despair; the ability to confront fear and uncertainty, or intimidation.[4]
Diligence	Industria	Persistence, fortitude, effort, ethics, rectitude	Sloth	Acedia	A zealous and careful nature in one's actions and work; decisive work ethic, steadfastness in belief, fortitude, and the capability of not giving up. Budgeting one's time; monitoring one's own activities to guard against laziness.
Chastity	Castitas	Purity, knowledge, honesty, wisdom	Lust	Luxuria	Discretion of sexual conduct according to one's state in life; the practice of courtly love. Cleanliness through cultivated good health and hygiene, and maintained by refraining from intoxicants. To be honest with oneself, one's family, one's friends, to all of humanity, and to all of God's creations. Ignorance breeds suffering; education and self-betterment embraces moral wholesomeness and achieves purity of thought. The ability to refrain from being distracted and influenced by hostility, temptation or corruption.[3]
Charity	Caritas	Will, benevolence, generosity, sacrifice	Greed	Avaritia	Generosity, charity, self-sacrifice; the term should not be confused with the more restricted modern use of the word charity to mean benevolent giving. In Christian theology, charity—or love (agäpé)—is the greatest of the three theological virtues. Love, in the sense of an unlimited loving kindness towards all others, is held to be the ultimate perfection of the human spirit, because it is said to both glorify and reflect the nature of God. Such love is self-sacrificial. Confusion can arise from the multiple meanings of the English word "love". The love that is "caritas" is distinguished by its origin—being divinely infused into the soul—and by its residing in the will rather than emotions, regardless of what emotions it stirs up. This love is necessary for salvation through Jesus Christ, and with it no one can be lost.

Noah's Ark

Noah's Ark is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative(Genesis chapters 6–9) by which God spares Noah, his family, and a remnant of all the world's animals from the flood. According to Genesis, God gave Noah instructions for building the ark. Seven days before the deluge, God told Noah to enter the ark with his household and the animals. The story goes on to describe the ark being afloat throughout the flood and subsequent receding of the waters before it came to rest on the Mountains of Ararat. The story is repeated, with variations, in the Quran, where the ark appears as Safina Nuh. The Genesis flood narrative is similar to numerous other flood myths from a variety of cultures. There is no scientific evidence for a global flood, and despite many expeditions, no evidence of the ark has been found. The practical challenges associated with building an ark large enough to house all living animal types, and even plants, would have been impossible.

                                                     






Atlas(mythology)

In Greek mythology, Atlas was a Titan condemned to hold up the sky for eternity after the Titanomachy. Although associated with various places, he became commonly identified with the Atlas Mountains in northwest Africa (modern-day Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia).Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Asia or Clymene. He had many children, mostly daughters, the Hesperides, the Hyades, the Pleiades, and the nymph Calypso who lived on the island Ogygia. According to the ancient Greek poet Hesiod Atlas stood at the ends of the earth towards the west.