Trojan War
In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably through Homer's Iliad. The Iliad relates four days in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems, which have survived through fragments. Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature, and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid.
The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Athena, Hera, and Aphrodite, after Eris, the goddess of strife and discord, gave them a golden apple, sometimes known as the Apple of Discord, marked "for the fairest".Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris, who judged that Aphrodite, as the "fairest", should receive the apple. In exchange, Aphrodite made Helen, the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus, fall in love with Paris, who took her to Troy.After the deaths of many heroes, including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax, and the Trojans Hector and Paris, the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse.The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans (except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves) and desecrated the temples, thus earning the gods' wrath.The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas, one of the Trojans, who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern-day Italy.
>>The Burning of Troy
>>The earliest known depiction of the Trojan HorseCassandra
Cassandra, also known as Alexandra or Kassandra, was a daughter of King Priam and of Queen Hecuba of Troy.A common version of her story relates how, in an effort to seduce her, Apollo gave her the power of prophecy—but when she refused him, he spat into her mouth to inflict a curse that nobody would ever believe her prophecies.
In an alternative version, she fell asleep in a temple, and snakes licked (or whispered in) her ears so that she could hear the future.
In some versions of the myth, Apollo curses her by spitting into her mouth during a kiss. In Aeschylus' Agamemnon, she foretells the betrayal of Clytemnestra. She also bemoans her relationship with Apollo:
Aphrodite
Aphrodite is the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation. Her Roman equivalent is the goddess Venus. She is identified with the planet Venus.According to Homer's Iliad, she is the daughter of Zeus and Dione.Because of her beauty, other gods feared that their rivalry over her would interrupt the peace among them and lead to war, so Zeus married her to Hephaestus, who, because of his ugliness and deformity, was not seen as a threat. Aphrodite had many lovers—both gods, such as Ares, and men, such as Anchises. She played a role in the Eros and Psyche legend, and later was both Adonis's lover and his surrogate mother.
>>Goddess of love, beauty and sexualityHephaestus
In Greek mythology, Hephaestus was the son of Zeus and Hera, the king and queen of the gods.As a smithing god, Hephaestus made all the weapons of the gods in Olympus. He served as the blacksmith of the gods, and was worshipped in the manufacturing and industrial centers of Greece, particularly Athens. The cult of Hephaestus was based in Lemnos. Hephaestus' symbols are a smith's hammer, anvil, and a pair of tongs.
>>volcanoes
>>lame&crippled
>>He's a lame God.
>>God of fire, metalworking, stone masonry, forges, the art of sculpture, and blacksmiths.
Patroclus
According to Hyginus, Patroclus is the child of Menoetius and Philomela. Homer also references Menoetius as the individual who gave Patroclus to Peleus.Menoetius is the son of Actor, King of Opus in Locris by Aegina.According to the Iliad, when the tide of war had turned against the Greeks and the Trojans were threatening their ships, Patroclus convinced Achilles to let him lead the Myrmidons into combat. Achilles consented, giving Patroclus the armor Achilles had received from his father, in order for Patroclus to impersonate Achilles. Achilles then told Patroclus to return after beating the Trojans back from their ships. Patroclus defied Achilles' order and pursued the Trojans back to the gates of Troy. Patroclus killed many Trojans, including a son of Zeus, Sarpedon. While battling, Patroclus' wits were removed by Apollo, after which Patroclus was hit with the spear of Euphorbos. Hector then killed Patroclus by stabbing him in the stomach with a spear.
Achilles' Heel
An Achilles' heel is a weakness in spite of overall strength, which can actually or potentially lead to downfall. The death of Achilles was not mentioned in Homer's Iliad, but appeared in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama concerning events after the Iliad, later in the Trojan War. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a heel wound which was the result of an arrow—possibly poisoned—shot by Paris.
Twelve Olympians (very important!)
| Greek name | Roman name | Image | Functions and attributes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zeus | Jupiter |  | King of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice. Youngest child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Symbols include the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, scepter, and scales. Brother and husband of Hera, although he had many lovers, also brother of Poseidon, Hades, Demeter, and Hestia. |
| Hera | Juno |  | Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and family. Symbols include the peacock, cuckoo, and cow. Youngest daughter of Cronus and Rhea. Wife and sister of Zeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she frequently tried to get revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children. |
| Poseidon | Neptune |  | God of the seas, earthquakes, and tidal wave. Symbols include the horse, bull, dolphin, and trident. Middle son of Cronus and Rhea. Brother of Zeus and Hades. Married to the Nereid Amphitrite, although, like most male Greek Gods, he had many lovers. |
| Demeter | Ceres |  | Goddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the seasons. Symbols include the poppy, wheat, torch, cornucopia, and pig. Middle daughter of Cronus and Rhea. |
| Athena | Minerva |  | Goddess of wisdom, reason, intelligent activity, literature, handicrafts and science, defense and strategic warfare. Symbols include the owl and the olive tree. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Metis, she rose from her father's head fully grown and in full battle armor. |
| Apollo[A] | Apollo[A] |  | God of light, prophecy, inspiration, poetry, music and arts, medicine and healing. Son of Zeus and Leto. Symbols include the sun, lyre, swan, and mouse. Twin brother of Artemis. |
| Artemis | Diana |  | Goddess of the hunt, virginity, archery, the moon, and all animals. Symbols include the moon, deer, hound, she-bear, snake, cypress tree, and bow and arrow. Daughter of Zeus and Leto and twin sister of Apollo. |
| Ares | Mars |  | God of war, violence, and bloodshed. Symbols include the boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear, and shield. Son of Zeus and Hera, all the other gods (except Aphrodite) despised him. His Latin name, Mars, gave us the word "martial." |
| Aphrodite | Venus |  | Goddess of love, beauty, and desire. Symbols include the dove, bird, apple, bee, swan, myrtle, and rose. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid Dione, or perhaps born from the sea foam after Uranus' semen dripped into the sea after being castrated by his youngest son, Cronus, who then threw his father's genitals into the sea. Married to Hephaestus, although she had many adulterous affairs, most notably with Ares. Her name gave us the word "aphrodisiac", while her Latin name, Venus, gave us the word "venereal".[B] |
| Hephaestus | Vulcan |  | Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of fire and the forge. Symbols include fire, anvil, axe, donkey, hammer, tongs, and quail. Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone. Married to Aphrodite, though unlike most divine husbands, he was rarely ever licentious. His Latin name, Vulcan, gave us the word "volcano." |
| Hermes | Mercury |  | Messenger of the gods; god of commerce, communication, borders, eloquence, diplomacy, thieves and games. Symbols include the caduceus (staff entwined with two snakes), winged sandals and cap, stork, and tortoise (whose shell he used to invent the lyre). Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The second-youngest Olympian, just older than Dionysus. |
| Hestia | Vesta |  | Goddess of the hearth and of the right ordering of domesticity and the family; she was born into the first Olympian generation and was one of the original twelve Olympians. Some lists of the Twelve Olympians omit her in favor of Dionysus, but the speculation that she gave her throne to him in order to keep the peace seems to be modern invention. She is the first child of Cronus and Rhea, eldest sister of Hades, Demeter, Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus. |
| Dionysus(or Bacchus) | Bacchus |  | God of wine, celebrations, and ecstasy. Patron god of the art of theatre. Symbols include the grapevine, ivy, cup, tiger, panther, leopard, dolphin, goat, and pinecone. Son of Zeus and the mortal Theban princess Semele. Married to the Cretan princess Ariadne. The youngest Olympian god, as well as the only one to have a mortal mother. |
New Words
．prophecy:the power or ability to know what will happen in the future
example: The prophecy of the author have all come true.
．rally:to muster for a common purpose
example: The team captain tried to rally his troops.
．foreshadowing (def: to give a suggest of something that hasn't yet happened)
vs. flashforward(def: interruption of chronological sequence by(as in a film or novel) by interjection of events if future occurrence
．flashback: a strong memory of a past event that comes suddenly into a person's mind
example:The character's childhood was describe in a series of flashbacks.
Prefix, root, suffix
vir-/ver-:truth
virtue:morally good behavior or character
example: ''Patience is a virtue.''is an old saying.
virginal:not changed from a natural or original condition
example: The land is still in its virginal state.
virtual:existing or occurring on computers or on the Internet
example:The website provides a virtual tour of the stadium.
voc-: voice, say, call
vocation:a strong desire to spend your life doing a certain kind of work(such as religious work)
example: This isn't just a job for me; it's a vocation.
vocal:spoken, oral
example:All vowels are vocals.
vocative:showing the person or thing to spoken to
example:It possesses two regular substantive declensions and six cases, the vocative being in common use.
fort-:strength
fortification:a structure(such as a wall or tower) that is built to protect a place
example: They began the fortification and reconstruction of the city.
fortitude:mental strength and courage that allows someone to face danger, pain,etc.
example: Patience and fortitude conquer all things.
fortress: a fortified place
example: Our soldiers laid siege to the enemy fortress.
sooth-:true; soft, sweet
soothsayer:someone who makes predictions about what is going to happen in the future
example:A soothsayer in my village says I'll find a sword.
soothe:to make someone to be calmer, less angry
example:We didn't know how to soothe her.
en-/em-:near, at, in, on, within
encourage:to make someone more determined, hopeful, or confident
example: They encourage us in our work.
enlarge: to make something larger
example: We had the photograph enlarged.
empower:to give power to
example: Modern science and technology empower human to control natural forces more effectively.
ab-:off, away from
abandon: to leave and never return
example:They abandon the car.
abrupt:very sudden and not expected
example: She was offended by his abrupt manner.
abrade: to damage something by rubbing, grinding, or scraping
example:The cook is trying to abrade carrot into threads.
ig-:start, initiate
ignite:set on fire, make red hot
example: The burning gases can ignite the lean mixture.
igneous: pertaining to or resembling fire
example: The rocks here are igneous and do not fracture along predictable lines.
astro-:star, outer space
astrology:the study of how the positions of the stars and movement of the planets
example: Astronomy, as distinct from astrology, is an exact science.
ob-:toward, against, across, down
observe:to see and notice
example: I observed him stop at the gate.
obstruction:the act of making it difficult for something to happen or move forward
example:The traffic flowed round the obstruction.
obfuscate:to make something more difficult to understand
example: The writer often obfuscates the real issues with petty details.
Extra Information
Virtual reality
>>A person wearing a virtual reality headset called the "HTC Vive".
Amplified reality(Augmented reality)
vir-/ver-:truth
virtue:morally good behavior or character
example: ''Patience is a virtue.''is an old saying.
virginal:not changed from a natural or original condition
example: The land is still in its virginal state.
virtual:existing or occurring on computers or on the Internet
example:The website provides a virtual tour of the stadium.
voc-: voice, say, call
vocation:a strong desire to spend your life doing a certain kind of work(such as religious work)
example: This isn't just a job for me; it's a vocation.
vocal:spoken, oral
example:All vowels are vocals.
vocative:showing the person or thing to spoken to
example:It possesses two regular substantive declensions and six cases, the vocative being in common use.
fort-:strength
fortification:a structure(such as a wall or tower) that is built to protect a place
example: They began the fortification and reconstruction of the city.
fortitude:mental strength and courage that allows someone to face danger, pain,etc.
example: Patience and fortitude conquer all things.
fortress: a fortified place
example: Our soldiers laid siege to the enemy fortress.
sooth-:true; soft, sweet
soothsayer:someone who makes predictions about what is going to happen in the future
example:A soothsayer in my village says I'll find a sword.
soothe:to make someone to be calmer, less angry
example:We didn't know how to soothe her.
en-/em-:near, at, in, on, within
encourage:to make someone more determined, hopeful, or confident
example: They encourage us in our work.
enlarge: to make something larger
example: We had the photograph enlarged.
empower:to give power to
example: Modern science and technology empower human to control natural forces more effectively.
ab-:off, away from
abandon: to leave and never return
example:They abandon the car.
abrupt:very sudden and not expected
example: She was offended by his abrupt manner.
abrade: to damage something by rubbing, grinding, or scraping
example:The cook is trying to abrade carrot into threads.
ig-:start, initiate
ignite:set on fire, make red hot
example: The burning gases can ignite the lean mixture.
igneous: pertaining to or resembling fire
example: The rocks here are igneous and do not fracture along predictable lines.
astro-:star, outer space
astrology:the study of how the positions of the stars and movement of the planets
example: Astronomy, as distinct from astrology, is an exact science.
ob-:toward, against, across, down
observe:to see and notice
example: I observed him stop at the gate.
obstruction:the act of making it difficult for something to happen or move forward
example:The traffic flowed round the obstruction.
obfuscate:to make something more difficult to understand
example: The writer often obfuscates the real issues with petty details.
Extra Information
Virtual reality
Virtual reality (virtual realities VR) typically refers to computer technologies that use software to generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that replicate a real environment (or create an imaginary setting), and simulate a user's physical presence in this environment, by enabling the user to interact with this space and any objects depicted therein using specialized display screens or projectors and other devices.A person using virtual reality equipment is typically able to "look around" the artificial world, move about in it and interact with features or items that are depicted on a screen or in goggles.Virtual realities artificially create sensory experiences, which can include sight, touch, hearing, and, less commonly, smell.
>>A person wearing a virtual reality headset called the "HTC Vive".Amplified reality(Augmented reality)
Augmented reality (AR) is a live direct or indirect view of a physical, real-world environment whose elements are augmented (or supplemented) by computer-generated sensory input such as sound, video, graphics or GPS data.It is related to a more general concept called mediated reality, in which a view of reality is modified (possibly even diminished rather than augmented) by a computer. As a result, the technology functions by enhancing one’s current perception of reality. By contrast, virtual reality replaces the real world with a simulated one.With the help of advanced AR technology (e.g. adding computer vision and object recognition) the information about the surrounding real world of the user becomes interactive and digitally manipulable. Information about the environment and its objects is overlaid on the real world.This information can be virtual or real, e.g. seeing other real sensed or measured information such as electromagnetic radio waves overlaid in exact alignment with where they actually are in space.
沒有留言:
張貼留言